Who Owns the Chisum Ranch Now? (2023 Update)


Who Owns the Chisum Ranch Now? (2023 Update)

Figuring out present possession of a giant, historic ranch just like the Chisum Ranch entails researching property data and doubtlessly contacting related native authorities. This data will be useful for varied functions, reminiscent of historic analysis, land administration inquiries, or journalistic investigations.

Understanding land possession is prime to accountable land use and useful resource administration. Within the case of a traditionally vital property just like the Chisum Ranch, figuring out the present proprietor sheds mild on its present-day operations and its function inside the local people and economic system. This information contributes to a broader understanding of the ranch’s evolution over time and its persevering with impression. The historical past of the Chisum Ranch is interwoven with the historical past of the American West, and its present standing displays a continuation of that legacy.

This inquiry into present possession serves as a place to begin for additional exploration of associated matters, together with the ranch’s ongoing actions, its financial contribution, and its place inside the wider context of ranching and land possession within the area.

1. Present Possession Identification

Figuring out the present proprietor of the Chisum Ranch is essential for understanding its current standing and potential future. This course of entails navigating varied data sources and authorized frameworks. Precisely figuring out possession is crucial for any critical inquiry concerning the ranch.

  • Public Information Analysis

    Official property data, usually accessible by means of county or state authorities workplaces, present definitive data concerning land possession. These data usually embrace deeds, titles, and tax assessments, which clearly determine the authorized proprietor. Analyzing these paperwork is a basic step in verifying present possession of the Chisum Ranch.

  • Authorized Counsel Session

    Consulting with authorized professionals specializing in property legislation can present skilled steering in navigating advanced possession constructions or resolving any ambiguities in public data. Authorized experience will be invaluable in confirming possession, particularly in circumstances involving trusts, companies, or different non-individual entities. This ensures accuracy and thoroughness within the identification course of.

  • Due Diligence Investigations

    Thorough due diligence investigations, usually carried out in enterprise transactions or authorized proceedings, contain complete analysis and evaluation of property possession historical past. This course of helps uncover potential encumbrances, liens, or disputes associated to the property. Such investigations are significantly necessary for events enthusiastic about buying or investing within the ranch.

  • Native Authority Inquiries

    Contacting native authorities authorities, reminiscent of assessors or tax collectors, can present extra data concerning present possession and land use rules. This direct communication will be particularly useful in clarifying particular particulars or addressing distinctive circumstances associated to the property. It permits for a extra nuanced understanding of the ranch’s possession and operational context.

These strategies, employed individually or together, contribute to a complete and dependable identification of the present proprietor of the Chisum Ranch. This data is foundational for understanding the ranch’s current standing and informing any additional inquiry into its historical past, operations, or future prospects.

2. Historic Possession Transitions

Tracing the historic possession transitions of the Chisum Ranch gives important context for understanding its present possession standing. Analyzing previous transfers, acquisitions, and divisions of the property illuminates the advanced evolution of the ranch and contributes to a extra full image of its present-day standing.

  • Early Acquisition and Improvement

    Researching the preliminary acquisition of the land that grew to become the Chisum Ranch reveals the foundational possession and the circumstances surrounding its early improvement. Understanding the motivations and intentions of the unique homeowners provides insights into the ranch’s historic trajectory. This data might embrace land grants, purchases, or different types of acquisition, setting the stage for subsequent possession transitions.

  • Key Figures and Households

    Figuring out distinguished figures and households concerned within the ranch’s possession historical past gives a story framework for understanding its evolution. Analyzing their contributions, legacies, and influences sheds mild on the forces that formed the ranch over time. This will likely embrace influential ranchers, enterprise magnates, or different historic figures whose actions impacted the property’s possession and improvement.

  • Authorized Disputes and Settlements

    Investigating any authorized disputes or settlements associated to the ranch’s possession can reveal essential turning factors in its historical past. Analyzing these occasions helps perceive how possession has been contested, transferred, or solidified by means of authorized processes. This will likely contain boundary disputes, inheritance conflicts, or different authorized challenges that formed the ranch’s possession construction.

  • Financial and Social Influences

    Contemplating the broader financial and social context surrounding every possession transition gives useful insights into the components that drove modifications in possession. Analyzing market fluctuations, technological developments, and shifts in land use practices helps perceive the motivations behind possession selections. This contextual understanding enriches the narrative of the ranch’s evolution and its place inside the bigger historic panorama.

By piecing collectively these historic possession transitions, a extra complete understanding of the Chisum Ranch’s present possession emerges. This historic perspective provides depth and significance to the present-day standing, connecting the previous with the current and providing useful insights into the forces that formed the ranch over time.

3. Authorized Documentation

Authorized documentation types the bedrock of building and verifying possession of the Chisum Ranch, or any property for that matter. These paperwork present a legally sound and traditionally traceable report of possession transitions, making certain readability and stopping disputes. With out correct authorized documentation, figuring out present possession could be considerably more difficult, doubtlessly resulting in ambiguity and authorized conflicts. The connection between authorized documentation and figuring out present possession is due to this fact inextricably linked; one can’t definitively reply “who owns the Chisum Ranch immediately” with out analyzing the related authorized data. For instance, a guaranty deed explicitly states the switch of possession from one celebration to a different, specifying the property boundaries and legally binding each events to the transaction.

Various kinds of authorized paperwork play distinct roles in establishing possession. Deeds, titles, and tax assessments every contribute particular data, forming a complete image of possession historical past. Deeds report the switch of possession, whereas titles signify the authorized proper to personal and possess the property. Tax assessments, linked to property possession, contribute to the general public report and supply extra verification. Analyzing these paperwork in conjunction permits for a radical understanding of the possession chain and present standing. As an illustration, a quitclaim deed, used to switch possession with out guaranteeing clear title, would possibly sign potential complexities within the possession historical past, prompting additional investigation into prior documentation.

Understanding the significance of authorized documentation is essential for anybody researching property possession or participating in transactions associated to the Chisum Ranch. This information empowers knowledgeable decision-making and facilitates environment friendly navigation of the authorized and administrative processes associated to property possession. The absence or incompleteness of authorized documentation can result in vital problems, together with challenges in verifying possession, potential authorized disputes, and difficulties in conducting transactions associated to the property. Subsequently, prioritizing meticulous examination of authorized documentation is crucial for anybody looking for a definitive reply to the query of present possession.

4. Property Boundaries

Defining the exact property boundaries of the Chisum Ranch is intrinsically linked to figuring out its possession. Correct boundary delineation is crucial for establishing authorized possession, stopping disputes, and understanding the total extent of the property in query. With out clearly outlined boundaries, the query of “who owns the Chisum Ranch immediately” stays ambiguous and doubtlessly topic to authorized challenges. Establishing these boundaries requires cautious examination of authorized paperwork, surveys, and historic data, usually involving specialised experience in land surveying and property legislation.

  • Authorized Descriptions and Surveys

    Authorized descriptions, usually present in deeds and property titles, present a textual illustration of the property boundaries. These descriptions, usually using the metes and bounds system or different surveying strategies, outline the exact location and dimensions of the property. Accompanying surveys, carried out by licensed surveyors, provide a visible illustration of those boundaries, additional clarifying the extent of the ranch and its relationship to adjoining properties. Discrepancies between authorized descriptions and surveys can result in boundary disputes and complicate possession dedication.

  • Historic Information and Maps

    Historic data, together with outdated maps, land grants, and former surveys, present useful context for understanding the evolution of the ranch’s boundaries. Analyzing these historic paperwork can reveal modifications in possession, boundary changes, and potential ambiguities which may impression present possession claims. Historic context is especially necessary for properties just like the Chisum Ranch, which have possible undergone varied boundary modifications over time.

  • Bodily Markers and Options

    Bodily markers, reminiscent of fences, monuments, and pure options, play a sensible function in demarcating property boundaries on the bottom. Whereas these bodily markers might not at all times completely align with authorized descriptions and surveys, they function seen indicators of the supposed boundaries. Discrepancies between bodily markers and documented boundaries can come up because of pure shifts, human error, or intentional encroachment, doubtlessly resulting in disputes and the necessity for authorized clarification.

  • Adjoining Property Possession

    Understanding the possession of adjoining properties is essential for resolving boundary points and confirming the extent of the Chisum Ranch. Neighboring property strains instantly impression the ranch’s boundaries, and any ambiguities or disputes concerning adjoining possession can have ramifications for figuring out the exact limits of the ranch itself. Resolving such points usually requires collaboration between landowners, surveyors, and authorized professionals to make sure correct and legally sound boundary delineation.

By rigorously contemplating these sides of property boundaries, a extra exact and legally sound understanding of the Chisum Ranchs possession emerges. Establishing clear boundaries will not be merely a technical train however a basic side of property possession, inextricably linked to answering the query of “who owns the Chisum Ranch immediately.” Correct boundary delineation gives the mandatory framework for resolving possession disputes, facilitating property transactions, and making certain accountable land administration practices.

5. Operational Standing

The operational standing of the Chisum Ranch is instantly influenced by its possession. Understanding who owns the ranch immediately gives vital context for decoding its present actions, financial contributions, and total administration. Totally different homeowners might have distinct aims and approaches, impacting the ranch’s operational focus, scale, and neighborhood engagement. Analyzing the operational standing, due to this fact, provides useful insights into the sensible implications of possession and its impression on the ranch’s present-day perform.

  • Ranching Actions

    The core ranching actions carried out on the property, reminiscent of cattle ranching, farming, or equestrian operations, are sometimes dictated by the proprietor’s main enterprise pursuits. A deal with cattle manufacturing would possibly contain large-scale grazing operations, whereas an proprietor enthusiastic about agricultural diversification would possibly introduce crop cultivation or different farming practices. Understanding the present operational focus reveals the proprietor’s financial priorities and their affect on the ranch’s land use practices. For instance, a shift from cattle ranching to ecotourism might signify a change in possession reflecting evolving financial priorities and land administration philosophies.

  • Enterprise Mannequin and Financial Affect

    The chosen enterprise mannequin, whether or not centered on conventional ranching practices, business agriculture, or tourism, instantly displays the proprietor’s financial technique. This mannequin influences the ranch’s income streams, employment alternatives, and total contribution to the native economic system. An proprietor prioritizing sustainable practices would possibly put money into renewable power or useful resource conservation, impacting each the ranch’s operational prices and its environmental footprint. Analyzing the enterprise mannequin gives insights into the proprietor’s long-term imaginative and prescient for the ranch and its function inside the broader financial panorama. A shift in direction of high-end visitor ranching, as an illustration, would recommend a special enterprise mannequin and financial technique in comparison with conventional cattle operations.

  • Land Administration and Conservation Practices

    Land administration and conservation practices, reminiscent of grazing administration, water useful resource conservation, and wildlife habitat safety, are sometimes formed by the proprietor’s environmental stewardship philosophy. Homeowners prioritizing conservation would possibly implement sustainable grazing practices, put money into water-efficient irrigation programs, or take part in habitat restoration tasks. These practices have vital implications for the long-term well being of the ranch’s ecosystem and its surrounding atmosphere. For instance, an proprietor centered on biodiversity would possibly implement rotational grazing programs and set up protected areas for endangered species, demonstrating a dedication to conservation that goes past conventional ranching practices.

  • Group Engagement and Public Entry

    The extent of neighborhood engagement and public entry allowed on the ranch, reminiscent of academic packages, excursions, or leisure alternatives, displays the proprietor’s relationship with the local people. Some homeowners would possibly prioritize neighborhood outreach and academic initiatives, whereas others would possibly preserve a extra personal and unique strategy. The chosen strategy influences the ranch’s public picture and its function inside the social cloth of the encompassing space. An proprietor actively concerned in native agricultural associations and neighborhood occasions, as an illustration, demonstrates a special degree of neighborhood engagement in comparison with an absentee proprietor with restricted native presence.

Analyzing these elements of the operational standing gives a complete understanding of how possession influences the Chisum Ranch’s present-day perform. By connecting operational practices to possession, a clearer image emerges of the ranch’s present trajectory and its impression on the encompassing atmosphere, economic system, and neighborhood. This understanding gives important context for decoding the importance of “who owns the Chisum Ranch immediately” and its implications for the longer term.

6. Financial Affect

The financial impression of the Chisum Ranch is inextricably linked to its possession. The proprietor’s enterprise selections, administration practices, and funding methods instantly affect the ranch’s monetary efficiency, employment alternatives, and contributions to the native and regional economic system. Understanding “who owns the Chisum Ranch immediately” is crucial for comprehending the ranch’s present financial function and its potential for future progress or decline. For instance, an proprietor centered on maximizing short-term income would possibly prioritize intensive useful resource extraction, doubtlessly impacting long-term sustainability and neighborhood well-being. Conversely, an proprietor dedicated to long-term sustainability would possibly put money into renewable power and useful resource conservation, producing totally different financial outcomes and neighborhood advantages.

The proprietor’s operational mannequin determines the ranch’s income streams, bills, and total profitability. A conventional ranching mannequin centered on livestock manufacturing will generate totally different financial outcomes in comparison with a diversified mannequin incorporating tourism, hospitality, or renewable power manufacturing. These decisions affect native employment alternatives, provide chains, and tax revenues, impacting the broader financial panorama. As an illustration, a shift in direction of agritourism would possibly create new jobs in hospitality and associated providers, whereas a deal with large-scale monoculture farming would possibly scale back biodiversity and impression native ecosystems, doubtlessly resulting in long-term financial penalties. Analyzing these decisions gives insights into the proprietor’s financial priorities and their broader impression on the neighborhood.

Understanding the financial impression of the Chisum Ranch underneath totally different possession eventualities is essential for knowledgeable decision-making by stakeholders, together with policymakers, neighborhood leaders, and potential traders. This understanding permits for a complete evaluation of the ranch’s financial contributions, potential dangers, and alternatives for sustainable progress. It permits knowledgeable discussions about land use planning, financial improvement methods, and environmental safety initiatives. Recognizing the dynamic relationship between possession and financial impression is crucial for fostering a sustainable and affluent future for the ranch and its surrounding neighborhood. This information empowers stakeholders to have interaction in constructive dialogue and collaborate on methods that stability financial improvement with environmental stewardship and neighborhood well-being.

7. Group Relations

The connection between the Chisum Ranch and the encompassing neighborhood is considerably influenced by the ranch’s possession. Present possession dictates the character and extent of neighborhood engagement, shaping perceptions, fostering collaboration, or doubtlessly creating battle. Understanding “who owns the Chisum Ranch immediately” gives essential context for decoding the dynamics between the ranch and its neighbors, together with its contributions to native well-being, potential impacts on surrounding land use, and the general social and financial interaction. For instance, an absentee proprietor with restricted native presence might have a special impression on neighborhood relations in comparison with a resident proprietor actively concerned in native affairs. An proprietor prioritizing useful resource extraction over environmental safety might pressure relationships with neighborhood members involved about ecological impacts. Conversely, an proprietor dedicated to sustainable practices and neighborhood engagement would possibly foster constructive relationships and contribute to native improvement initiatives.

Group perceptions of the Chisum Ranch are sometimes formed by the proprietor’s actions and communication. Transparency in ranch operations, responsiveness to neighborhood issues, and proactive engagement in native initiatives can construct belief and foster constructive relationships. Conversely, an absence of communication, disregard for neighborhood values, or perceived exploitation of native assets can erode belief and create stress. Think about, as an illustration, an proprietor who opens the ranch for academic excursions and collaborates with native colleges on environmental tasks. This strategy fosters constructive neighborhood relations and strengthens the ranch’s function inside the native social cloth. In distinction, an proprietor who restricts public entry and disregards neighborhood issues about water utilization or environmental impression might face opposition and strained relationships. Analyzing these dynamics gives useful insights into the advanced interaction between possession, neighborhood perceptions, and the general social atmosphere.

Understanding the connection between possession and neighborhood relations is crucial for fostering a mutually useful relationship between the Chisum Ranch and its neighbors. This understanding informs methods for neighborhood engagement, land use planning, and useful resource administration, selling sustainable improvement and enhancing the general well-being of the area. Recognizing the affect of possession on neighborhood dynamics empowers stakeholders to have interaction in constructive dialogue, deal with potential conflicts, and collaborate on initiatives that profit each the ranch and the neighborhood. This information facilitates knowledgeable decision-making, promotes accountable land stewardship, and contributes to a extra harmonious and affluent future for all concerned. Ignoring this connection can result in misunderstandings, battle, and missed alternatives for collaboration, in the end hindering the long-term sustainability and viability of each the ranch and the encompassing neighborhood.

8. Future Prospects

The long run prospects of the Chisum Ranch are inextricably linked to its present possession. The proprietor’s imaginative and prescient, monetary assets, and administration selections will considerably form the ranch’s trajectory, influencing its long-term sustainability, financial viability, and function inside the neighborhood. Understanding “who owns the Chisum Ranch immediately” gives important context for anticipating potential future developments, assessing potential dangers and alternatives, and informing strategic planning for the ranch and the encompassing area. Totally different homeowners might have divergent targets, starting from useful resource extraction and business improvement to conservation and neighborhood engagement, every with distinct implications for the way forward for the ranch and its surrounding atmosphere.

  • Land Use and Improvement

    The proprietor’s plans for land use and improvement, whether or not centered on preserving conventional ranching practices, diversifying into new agricultural ventures, or pursuing business or residential improvement, will profoundly impression the ranch’s future panorama. Choices concerning land use will affect biodiversity, water assets, and total environmental well being. For instance, an proprietor prioritizing conservation would possibly implement sustainable grazing practices and habitat restoration tasks, preserving the ecological integrity of the ranch for future generations. Conversely, an proprietor centered on maximizing land worth by means of business improvement would possibly prioritize infrastructure growth and useful resource extraction, doubtlessly altering the panorama and impacting native ecosystems.

  • Financial Sustainability and Diversification

    The proprietor’s strategy to financial sustainability and diversification will decide the ranch’s long-term monetary viability and its contribution to the native economic system. Methods for financial diversification, reminiscent of agritourism, renewable power manufacturing, or value-added agricultural merchandise, can improve resilience and create new income streams. As an illustration, an proprietor investing in renewable power infrastructure would possibly scale back the ranch’s operational prices whereas contributing to regional sustainability efforts. Alternatively, an proprietor centered solely on conventional ranching practices would possibly face larger vulnerability to market fluctuations and environmental challenges, doubtlessly impacting long-term financial stability.

  • Environmental Stewardship and Conservation

    The proprietor’s dedication to environmental stewardship and conservation will form the ranch’s ecological future and its contribution to regional conservation efforts. Implementing sustainable land administration practices, defending water assets, and preserving biodiversity are essential for making certain the long-term well being of the ranch’s ecosystem. For instance, an proprietor actively taking part in regional conservation initiatives and implementing greatest administration practices for water conservation demonstrates a dedication to environmental sustainability, safeguarding the ranch’s pure assets for future generations. Conversely, an proprietor prioritizing short-term financial positive aspects over environmental safety would possibly interact in practices that degrade pure assets, jeopardizing the long-term well being and resilience of the ecosystem.

  • Group Partnerships and Legacy

    The proprietor’s strategy to neighborhood partnerships and legacy will form the ranch’s future relationship with its neighbors and its contribution to the social and cultural cloth of the area. Participating in collaborative initiatives, supporting native organizations, and fostering academic alternatives can strengthen neighborhood ties and create a constructive lasting legacy. As an illustration, an proprietor establishing a scholarship fund for native college students or partnering with neighborhood organizations on academic packages demonstrates a dedication to neighborhood well-being and creates a constructive legacy that extends past the ranch’s boundaries. Alternatively, an proprietor working in isolation and neglecting neighborhood engagement would possibly face social and political challenges, doubtlessly impacting the ranch’s long-term viability and popularity.

These interconnected sides underscore the profound affect of present possession on the longer term prospects of the Chisum Ranch. Understanding who owns the ranch immediately gives a vital lens for anticipating potential future trajectories, assessing potential challenges and alternatives, and informing strategic planning for the ranch and the encompassing area. By analyzing these components, stakeholders can achieve useful insights into the potential long-term impacts of possession selections and work collaboratively to form a sustainable and affluent future for the Chisum Ranch and its surrounding neighborhood.

Incessantly Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning Chisum Ranch possession, offering concise and informative responses.

Query 1: Why is figuring out the present proprietor of the Chisum Ranch necessary?

Understanding present possession gives context for decoding the ranch’s operational standing, financial impression, and neighborhood relations, providing insights into its current perform and potential future trajectory.

Query 2: How can one decide the present proprietor of the Chisum Ranch?

Present possession will be decided by means of meticulous analysis of public property data, usually accessible by means of county or state authorities workplaces. Consulting authorized professionals specializing in property legislation can present skilled steering in navigating advanced possession constructions.

Query 3: What function does historic possession play in understanding the ranch’s present standing?

Analyzing historic possession transitions reveals insights into the ranch’s evolution, together with previous land use practices, financial actions, and neighborhood interactions. This historic context informs interpretations of the ranch’s present-day standing.

Query 4: How do property boundaries impression the dedication of possession?

Exact property boundaries are important for establishing authorized possession and stopping disputes. Correct boundary delineation requires cautious examination of authorized descriptions, surveys, and historic data, usually involving specialised experience.

Query 5: What’s the connection between possession and the ranch’s financial impression?

The proprietor’s enterprise selections, administration practices, and funding methods instantly affect the ranch’s financial efficiency, employment alternatives, and contributions to the native and regional economic system.

Query 6: How does possession affect the ranch’s relationship with the encompassing neighborhood?

Possession dictates the character and extent of neighborhood engagement, shaping public notion, fostering collaboration, or doubtlessly creating battle. Transparency, responsiveness, and proactive engagement are essential for constructing belief and constructive relationships.

Understanding these key elements of Chisum Ranch possession gives a basis for knowledgeable discussions and accountable decision-making concerning the ranch’s future.

Additional exploration of particular matters associated to the Chisum Ranch, reminiscent of its historical past, ecological significance, or financial contributions, can present a extra complete understanding of its function inside the broader regional context.

Ideas for Researching Ranch Possession

Understanding present ranch possession requires a multifaceted strategy. The next suggestions present steering for conducting thorough and efficient analysis.

Tip 1: Begin with Public Information. County or state authorities workplaces preserve property data, together with deeds and titles. These paperwork provide definitive data concerning authorized possession and are accessible to the general public, usually on-line. Analyzing these data is the foundational step in any possession analysis.

Tip 2: Seek the advice of Authorized Professionals. Authorized counsel specializing in property legislation can present skilled steering, significantly when navigating advanced possession constructions or resolving ambiguities in public data. Authorized experience ensures thoroughness and accuracy within the analysis course of.

Tip 3: Examine Historic Information. Historic societies, libraries, and archives maintain useful paperwork, reminiscent of outdated maps, land grants, and historic surveys. These assets provide insights into previous possession transitions and boundary modifications, enriching the understanding of present possession.

Tip 4: Think about Native Context. Participating with native communities and long-term residents can present useful anecdotal data and insights into possession historical past. Native data usually enhances official data and might illuminate much less documented elements of possession transitions.

Tip 5: Analyze Operational Standing. Observing present ranch operations, reminiscent of agricultural actions, land administration practices, and neighborhood engagement, provides clues about possession priorities and potential future instructions. This sensible remark enhances documentary analysis.

Tip 6: Respect Privateness and Authorized Boundaries. Whereas conducting analysis, respecting privateness and adhering to authorized pointers concerning data entry is essential. Accountable analysis practices guarantee moral and legally sound investigation.

Tip 7: Confirm Info from A number of Sources. Counting on a number of sources and cross-referencing data enhances accuracy and reliability. Evaluating data from varied sources helps validate findings and determine potential discrepancies.

Using these analysis suggestions gives a complete understanding of present ranch possession, informing decision-making, facilitating accountable land administration, and fostering constructive neighborhood engagement.

By following these pointers, analysis efforts contribute to a extra knowledgeable and nuanced understanding of ranch possession, its historic evolution, and its implications for the longer term.

Conclusion

Figuring out present possession of the Chisum Ranch necessitates a radical investigation encompassing varied elements, from scrutinizing public data and authorized paperwork to understanding historic possession transitions and the ranch’s operational standing. Correct identification of present possession gives essential context for decoding the ranch’s financial impression, neighborhood relations, and future prospects. This information is crucial for knowledgeable decision-making by stakeholders, together with policymakers, neighborhood members, and potential traders. Ignoring this significant side hinders complete understanding and accountable engagement with the ranch’s advanced interaction inside the broader regional context.

Understanding present possession of the Chisum Ranch will not be merely a matter of satisfying curiosity; it’s a vital step towards accountable engagement with this historic property and its surrounding neighborhood. This information empowers knowledgeable discussions about land use, financial improvement, and environmental stewardship, fostering a extra sustainable and affluent future for the ranch and the area. Continued analysis and open dialogue are important for navigating the complexities of land possession and making certain the preservation of this necessary piece of historical past.