9+ Kauai Weather in August: Forecast & Tips


9+ Kauai Weather in August: Forecast & Tips

The northernmost Hawaiian island sometimes experiences heat, sunny circumstances throughout this month. Common daytime temperatures vary from the low 80s Fahrenheit (excessive 20s Celsius) to the excessive 80s Fahrenheit (low 30s Celsius). Commerce winds, which blow from the northeast, reasonable temperatures and humidity. Rainfall varies significantly throughout the island’s microclimates, with the north shore typically experiencing larger rainfall than the south shore. Ocean temperatures are typically within the low 80s Fahrenheit (excessive 20s Celsius), making circumstances preferrred for swimming, snorkeling, and different water actions.

Understanding the prevailing weather conditions on Kauai throughout August is important for planning a visit. This era coincides with the summer season trip season in lots of elements of the world, leading to larger customer numbers. Being conscious of the everyday temperatures, rainfall patterns, and ocean circumstances permits vacationers to pack appropriately, select appropriate lodging, and plan actions that align with the climate. Traditionally, August has been a well-liked time to go to Kauai because of the heat climate and calm seas, fostering a thriving tourism business.

This info serves as a basis for exploring particular features of visiting Kauai in August. Additional particulars on matters equivalent to packing suggestions, instructed actions, common rainfall statistics by area, and potential climate variations will present a complete information for planning a profitable journey.

1. Heat Temperatures

Heat temperatures are a defining attribute of Kauai’s climate in August, influencing customer experiences and shaping exercise selections. This part explores the multifaceted nature of those heat circumstances and their implications.

  • Common Daytime Highs

    August sees common daytime highs within the low to excessive 80s Fahrenheit (excessive 20s to low 30s Celsius). This constant heat creates preferrred circumstances for outside actions, from climbing to sunbathing. Guests can anticipate comfy temperatures all through the day, encouraging exploration of the island’s various landscapes.

  • Commerce Winds and Humidity

    Whereas temperatures are heat, commerce winds blowing from the northeast reasonable humidity and supply a refreshing breeze. This prevents circumstances from feeling excessively sizzling and sticky, contributing to a pleasing general local weather. The commerce winds are an important factor in shaping Kauai’s comfy August climate.

  • Ocean Temperatures

    Heat air temperatures are accompanied by equally inviting ocean temperatures, sometimes within the low 80s Fahrenheit (excessive 20s Celsius). This creates optimum circumstances for swimming, snorkeling, browsing, and different water actions. The nice and cozy ocean temperatures are a significant draw for guests throughout August.

  • Microclimate Variations

    Regardless of the final heat, Kauai’s different topography creates microclimates. Inland areas and better elevations might expertise barely cooler temperatures, providing a respite from the coastal warmth. Understanding these microclimates permits guests to pick out places that finest swimsuit their temperature preferences.

The nice and cozy temperatures of August contribute considerably to Kauai’s attraction as a summer season vacation spot. Mixed with the moderating affect of the commerce winds and heat ocean waters, these circumstances create an inviting setting for a spread of actions and experiences. Planning for these heat circumstances is important for a snug and fulfilling go to.

2. Reasonable Humidity

Humidity performs a big position within the general really feel of Kauai’s August climate. Whereas the island experiences heat temperatures, the humidity stays reasonable, typically stopping oppressively sticky circumstances. This moderation outcomes primarily from the constant commerce winds blowing from the northeast. These winds flow into air, mitigating the potential for prime humidity ranges that may usually accompany heat temperatures. This stability between heat and reasonable humidity is a defining attribute of Kauai’s local weather throughout this era, making it extra comfy than different tropical locations that have larger humidity.

The reasonable humidity contributes to the pleasantness of outside actions. Guests can comfortably interact in climbing, exploring, and different excursions with out feeling excessively overheated. For instance, a coastal hike throughout a sunny August afternoon stays fulfilling because of the refreshing breezes and the absence of stifling humidity. This stability is an important consider Kauai’s attraction as a summer season vacation spot, differentiating it from places with extra oppressive climates. The reasonable humidity additionally permits for comfy evenings, enhancing the island’s attraction for outside eating and actions.

Understanding the position of reasonable humidity is important for precisely anticipating climate circumstances on Kauai in August. Whereas rainfall and temperature info are priceless, recognizing the moderating affect of the commerce winds on humidity gives a extra full image. This understanding permits for reasonable expectations relating to consolation ranges throughout outside actions and informs selections relating to acceptable clothes and exercise planning. The mix of heat and reasonable humidity shapes the distinct and fulfilling local weather skilled throughout this era.

3. Commerce Winds

Commerce winds are an integral element of Kauai’s climate in August, considerably influencing temperature, humidity, and general consolation. Understanding their position is essential for comprehending the island’s local weather throughout this era. These constant winds, originating from the northeast, form the expertise of tourists and residents alike.

  • Temperature Moderation

    Commerce winds constantly reasonable temperatures, stopping excessive warmth. Whereas August days are heat, the fixed breeze prevents oppressive circumstances. This cooling impact contributes considerably to the comfy outside setting, making actions fulfilling even throughout peak sunshine hours.

  • Humidity Management

    The circulating air generated by commerce winds retains humidity at reasonable ranges. With out this constant airflow, humidity may attain uncomfortable ranges given the nice and cozy temperatures. This pure humidity management is a defining attribute of Kauai’s August climate, distinguishing it from different tropical places with larger humidity.

  • Impression on Rainfall Patterns

    Commerce winds affect rainfall distribution, contributing to the distinct microclimates throughout Kauai. The windward (northeastern) aspect of the island, significantly the north shore, receives extra rainfall because the winds push moisture-laden air in opposition to the mountains. The leeward (southwestern) aspect experiences much less rainfall, leading to drier circumstances.

  • Affect on Ocean Situations

    Commerce winds have an effect on ocean circumstances, creating favorable environments for numerous water actions. They’ll generate constant swells for browsing in sure areas, whereas additionally contributing to calmer waters appropriate for swimming and snorkeling in different places. Understanding the affect of commerce winds helps predict ocean circumstances and choose acceptable actions.

The commerce winds are a elementary factor shaping Kauai’s August climate. Their affect on temperature, humidity, rainfall, and ocean circumstances creates the attribute local weather skilled throughout this era. Recognizing the position of those winds permits for a extra full understanding of the island’s climate patterns and facilitates knowledgeable planning for actions and general enjoyment of the go to.

4. Greater North Shore Rainfall

Rainfall distribution on Kauai throughout August is considerably influenced by the island’s topography and the prevailing commerce winds. The north shore, characterised by steep cliffs and luxurious vegetation, experiences significantly larger rainfall in comparison with different areas of the island. Understanding this localized climate sample is important for planning actions and managing expectations for guests throughout this era.

  • Orographic Raise

    The north shore’s larger rainfall is primarily attributable to orographic raise. As moisture-laden commerce winds strategy the island from the northeast, they’re compelled upwards by the mountainous terrain. This rising air cools and condenses, resulting in frequent rainfall. The north shore’s dramatic cliffs improve this impact, leading to localized downpours.

  • Microclimate Variation

    This phenomenon creates distinct microclimates inside Kauai. Whereas the north shore experiences frequent showers, different areas, significantly the south shore, stay comparatively dry. This localized rainfall contributes to the plush vegetation and vibrant ecosystems attribute of the north shore. The distinction between the wetter north and drier south highlights the significance of contemplating location when planning actions.

  • Impression on Actions

    Greater rainfall on the north shore can affect outside actions. Mountaineering trails might grow to be muddy and slippery, and sure ocean actions could be much less appropriate in periods of heavy rain. Checking native climate forecasts and adjusting plans accordingly is advisable. Nonetheless, the rain additionally contributes to the dramatic fantastic thing about the north shore, creating waterfalls and enhancing the plush landscapes.

  • Seasonal Variability

    Whereas August is mostly thought-about a drier month in Hawaii, the north shore nonetheless receives considerably extra rainfall than different areas. This rainfall sample, although extra pronounced through the winter months, stays a constant characteristic of the north shore local weather all year long. Recognizing this constant sample permits guests to anticipate and put together for the chance of rain, even through the summer season season.

The upper north shore rainfall is a defining facet of Kauai’s climate in August. Understanding the interaction between topography, commerce winds, and localized precipitation gives priceless context for guests. This consciousness permits for knowledgeable selections relating to lodging selections, exercise planning, and packing acceptable gear to make sure a snug and fulfilling expertise regardless of the potential for rain.

5. Decrease South Shore Rainfall

The south shore of Kauai sometimes experiences considerably much less rainfall than the north shore throughout August, contributing to its reputation as a trip vacation spot. This drier local weather outcomes from a mixture of things, primarily the “rain shadow” impact created by the central mountains blocking the prevailing commerce winds. Understanding this decrease rainfall is essential for planning actions and selecting lodging throughout an August go to.

  • Rain Shadow Impact

    The central mountains of Kauai create a rain shadow impact, shielding the south shore from the moisture-laden commerce winds. As these winds are compelled upwards by the mountains on the north shore, they launch most of their moisture as rain. Consequently, the air descending on the south shore is drier, leading to considerably much less rainfall. This rain shadow impact is the first cause for the south shore’s drier local weather.

  • Sunshine and Out of doors Actions

    The decrease rainfall interprets to elevated sunshine and extra favorable circumstances for outside actions on the south shore. Guests can typically anticipate sunny skies and drier climate, preferrred for swimming, sunbathing, and different beach-related actions. This predictable climate sample contributes considerably to the south shore’s reputation as a vacation spot for leisure and outside recreation.

  • Microclimate Distinction

    The distinction in rainfall between the north and south shores creates distinct microclimates inside Kauai. Whereas the north shore boasts lush vegetation attributable to its larger rainfall, the south shore reveals a drier panorama characterised by extra open areas and seashores. This distinction permits guests to decide on the setting that most closely fits their preferences, whether or not or not it’s the verdant north or the sun-drenched south.

  • Lodging Issues

    Understanding the decrease rainfall on the south shore informs lodging selections. Guests looking for assured sunshine and minimal disruption from rain usually choose the south shore. This predictability permits for better flexibility in planning outside actions and maximizing time spent having fun with the seashores and different sights. This focus of lodging on the south shore displays its reputation as a dry and sunny vacation spot.

The decrease south shore rainfall is a key issue influencing Kauai’s climate patterns in August. This drier local weather, a direct results of the rain shadow impact, contributes considerably to the area’s attraction for guests looking for sunshine and outside recreation. Understanding this localized climate sample gives important context for planning a profitable and fulfilling August journey to Kauai, permitting for knowledgeable selections relating to location, actions, and lodging selections.

6. Heat Ocean Temperatures

Heat ocean temperatures are a defining characteristic of Kauai’s climate in August, immediately influencing customer experiences and shaping the vary of accessible water actions. These temperatures, sometimes within the low 80s Fahrenheit (excessive 20s Celsius), create an inviting setting for swimming, snorkeling, diving, and different ocean-based pursuits. Understanding the elements contributing to those heat temperatures and their implications is important for planning a visit to Kauai throughout this era.

  • Ocean Currents and Photo voltaic Radiation

    Heat ocean currents flowing from the south work together with excessive photo voltaic radiation throughout August to create elevated sea floor temperatures. The constant sunshine heats the floor waters, ensuing within the constantly heat temperatures noticed all through the month. This heat contributes considerably to the attraction of Kauai’s seashores and coastal areas throughout this time.

  • Impression on Marine Life

    Heat ocean temperatures affect marine life conduct and distribution. Sure species, equivalent to tropical fish and coral, thrive in these heat waters, contributing to the colourful marine ecosystems surrounding Kauai. These circumstances create wonderful alternatives for snorkeling and diving, permitting guests to watch various marine life in its pure habitat. Nonetheless, hotter waters may affect different species and contribute to coral bleaching occasions underneath sure circumstances.

  • Water Actions and Tourism

    The constantly heat ocean temperatures make Kauai an excellent vacation spot for water actions in August. Swimming, snorkeling, browsing, stand-up paddleboarding, and different water sports activities grow to be extremely interesting because of the comfy water circumstances. This contributes considerably to the island’s tourism business through the summer season months, attracting guests looking for a tropical water expertise.

  • Interplay with Air Temperature and Humidity

    Heat ocean temperatures work together with air temperature and humidity to create the general local weather skilled on Kauai in August. The nice and cozy ocean water moderates air temperatures, stopping excessive warmth, whereas additionally contributing to reasonable humidity ranges. This interaction between ocean and air temperatures creates a pleasing and cozy setting, particularly alongside the coastal areas.

The nice and cozy ocean temperatures attribute of Kauai in August are a big issue influencing the island’s local weather and customer expertise. These temperatures, ensuing from a mixture of ocean currents and photo voltaic radiation, create favorable circumstances for a variety of water actions and contribute to the thriving marine ecosystems. Understanding the interaction between ocean temperature, air temperature, and humidity is essential for appreciating the distinctive local weather of Kauai throughout this era and for planning a profitable and fulfilling go to.

7. Peak Vacationer Season

August coincides with peak vacationer season on Kauai. The fascinating climate circumstances, marked by heat temperatures, reasonable humidity, and welcoming ocean temperatures, contribute considerably to this inflow of tourists. Understanding the dynamics of this peak season is important for planning a visit and managing expectations.

  • Elevated Demand and Costs

    Greater customer numbers throughout August result in elevated demand for lodging, flights, rental automobiles, and excursions. This heightened demand sometimes ends in larger costs for these providers. Reserving nicely upfront is commonly essential to safe desired lodging and actions at aggressive charges. Failing to plan forward can lead to restricted availability and inflated prices.

  • Crowded Seashores and Points of interest

    In style seashores and sights can grow to be crowded through the peak season. Guests ought to anticipate sharing these areas with bigger crowds and doubtlessly encountering longer wait occasions for actions or providers. Exploring lesser-known seashores or visiting standard sights throughout off-peak hours can mitigate the affect of crowds.

  • Pressure on Sources and Infrastructure

    The inflow of vacationers throughout August can pressure native sources and infrastructure. Elevated site visitors congestion, restricted parking availability, and potential pressure on water and different utilities are elements to think about. Supporting native companies and practising accountable tourism may help reduce the affect of elevated customer numbers on the island’s sources.

  • Availability of Actions and Excursions

    Whereas most actions and excursions function all year long, availability may be restricted through the peak season. Reserving excursions and actions nicely upfront ensures participation and avoids disappointment. Flexibility in scheduling and contemplating various choices will also be useful.

The height vacationer season in August is immediately linked to Kauai’s favorable climate circumstances. Whereas the climate contributes to an fulfilling expertise, understanding the implications of elevated customer numbers is essential for efficient journey planning. By anticipating larger costs, potential crowds, and logistical challenges, guests can navigate the height season successfully and maximize their enjoyment of Kauai’s pure magnificence and sights.

8. Solar Safety Important

The connection between Kauai’s August climate and the important want for solar safety is direct and vital. Intense photo voltaic radiation, attribute of the island’s tropical latitude and customarily clear skies throughout this month, necessitates complete solar safety measures. Penalties of insufficient safety can vary from sunburn and discomfort to long-term pores and skin injury and elevated danger of pores and skin most cancers. The constantly heat temperatures and welcoming ocean circumstances encourage extended publicity to the solar, additional amplifying the necessity for diligent safety.

Actual-world situations illustrate the sensible implications. A typical day spent having fun with Kauai’s seashores, climbing trails, or water actions exposes people to vital photo voltaic radiation. Even on partly cloudy days, the solar’s dangerous ultraviolet (UV) rays can penetrate the cloud cowl. Reflections from water and sand intensify publicity, rising the chance of sunburn. Documented circumstances of extreme sunburn amongst guests underscore the significance of constant solar safety practices, even throughout shorter intervals outdoor. Ignoring these precautions can result in painful sunburns that disrupt deliberate actions and detract from the general trip expertise.

Efficient solar safety methods are important for mitigating these dangers. Making use of a broad-spectrum, waterproof sunscreen with a excessive solar safety issue (SPF) is essential. Reapplying sunscreen incessantly, particularly after swimming or sweating, maintains its effectiveness. Sporting protecting clothes, equivalent to wide-brimmed hats, sun shades, and long-sleeved shirts, additional reduces solar publicity. Looking for shade throughout peak solar hours, sometimes between 10:00 AM and 4:00 PM, minimizes direct publicity to intense radiation. Understanding the depth of Kauai’s August solar and adopting these protecting measures safeguards in opposition to fast discomfort and contributes to long-term pores and skin well being. This consciousness ensures a secure and fulfilling expertise of the island’s pure magnificence.

9. Microclimates Range

Kauai’s different topography, starting from coastal plains to towering volcanic peaks, creates distinct microclimates throughout the island. Understanding these localized climate patterns is essential for decoding normal climate forecasts for “Kauai climate in August” and anticipating circumstances particular to chosen places. Whereas normal tendencies point out heat temperatures and reasonable humidity, precise circumstances can differ considerably inside quick distances, influencing exercise selections and general consolation.

  • Elevation Results

    Temperature decreases with rising elevation. Greater elevations, equivalent to Kokee State Park, expertise noticeably cooler temperatures than coastal areas. This permits for a various vary of temperature experiences inside a comparatively small space. Packing layers turns into important for exploring totally different elevations, as circumstances can shift dramatically from heat coastal areas to cooler mountain areas.

  • Windward vs. Leeward Rainfall

    The northeastern (windward) aspect of Kauai, significantly the north shore, receives considerably extra rainfall than the southwestern (leeward) aspect, particularly the south shore. This rain shadow impact ends in lush vegetation on the windward aspect and drier circumstances on the leeward aspect. Selecting lodging and actions aligned with most well-liked rainfall ranges turns into a key consideration for guests. A choice for dry, sunny circumstances would possibly direct guests in direction of the south shore, whereas these looking for lush landscapes would possibly go for the north shore, accepting the upper likelihood of rain.

  • Coastal vs. Inland Temperatures

    Coastal areas profit from the moderating affect of the ocean, leading to barely cooler temperatures and constant breezes. Inland areas, farther from the ocean’s affect, can expertise larger temperatures, particularly through the afternoon. This distinction influences exercise selections. Coastal hikes could be preferable through the hottest a part of the day, whereas inland exploration could be extra comfy through the cooler morning or night hours.

  • Valley and Canyon Results

    Deep valleys and canyons, like Waimea Canyon, can lure warmth, creating localized temperature variations. These areas might expertise larger temperatures than surrounding areas attributable to decreased airflow and elevated photo voltaic radiation reflection. Understanding these localized temperature variations informs clothes selections and exercise planning. Exploring these areas throughout cooler elements of the day or packing extra water turns into important for comfy exploration.

Recognizing the affect of microclimates refines understanding of “Kauai climate in August.” It strikes past normal island-wide tendencies to offer a nuanced perspective essential for successfully planning actions, selecting lodging, and packing acceptable gear. Contemplating these localized variations enhances the customer expertise, enabling knowledgeable selections tailor-made to particular pursuits and preferences, maximizing enjoyment of the island’s various environments.

Often Requested Questions on Kauai Climate in August

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to Kauai’s climate throughout August, offering concise and informative responses to facilitate knowledgeable journey planning.

Query 1: How a lot rain does Kauai sometimes obtain in August?

Rainfall varies considerably throughout Kauai in August, with the north shore experiencing significantly larger rainfall than the south shore attributable to orographic raise. Whereas the south shore might obtain only some inches of rain, the north shore can expertise a number of occasions that quantity. Consulting localized rainfall information is really helpful for particular areas.

Query 2: What’s the common ocean temperature in August?

Ocean temperatures surrounding Kauai in August sometimes common within the low 80s Fahrenheit (excessive 20s Celsius), creating nice circumstances for swimming, snorkeling, and different water actions.

Query 3: Are hurricanes widespread in Kauai throughout August?

August falls inside the Pacific hurricane season. Whereas hurricanes are potential, they don’t seem to be essentially widespread. Monitoring climate forecasts and advisories from the Nationwide Hurricane Heart is really helpful when planning or throughout a visit to Kauai in August.

Query 4: What kind of clothes ought to one pack for Kauai in August?

Packing mild, breathable clothes appropriate for heat temperatures is really helpful. Objects equivalent to shorts, t-shirts, swimwear, and a light-weight rain jacket are important. If planning to go to larger elevations, together with a light-weight sweater or jacket is advisable attributable to cooler temperatures.

Query 5: How humid is Kauai in August?

Kauai typically experiences reasonable humidity in August because of the constant commerce winds. Whereas temperatures are heat, the humidity hardly ever reaches uncomfortable ranges, contributing to a pleasing local weather.

Query 6: Is it essential to guide lodging and actions upfront for August?

August is peak vacationer season on Kauai. Reserving lodging, flights, rental automobiles, and excursions nicely upfront is extremely really helpful to safe availability and doubtlessly get hold of extra favorable charges.

Planning a visit to Kauai in August requires contemplating the island’s distinctive climate patterns. Understanding temperature variations, rainfall distribution, and the potential for tropical storms permits for knowledgeable selections relating to lodging selections, actions, and packing necessities.

This FAQ part gives a place to begin for additional analysis into particular features of Kauai’s climate in August. Consulting detailed climate forecasts, historic local weather information, and native sources gives a complete understanding for knowledgeable decision-making.

Suggestions for Navigating Kauai’s August Climate

Cautious planning ensures a snug and fulfilling expertise on Kauai throughout August. The next ideas handle key features of navigating the island’s climate throughout this era.

Tip 1: Pack for Various Situations: Microclimates create various climate patterns throughout the island. Packing layers, together with mild rain gear, a light-weight jacket or sweater, and swimwear, accommodates these variations. This permits comfy exploration of various environments, from the sunny south shore to the wetter north shore and cooler larger elevations.

Tip 2: Guide Lodging and Actions in Advance: August marks peak vacationer season. Reserving lodging, flights, rental automobiles, and excursions nicely upfront is essential to safe most well-liked selections and doubtlessly get hold of higher charges. Final-minute bookings usually encounter restricted availability and inflated costs.

Tip 3: Prioritize Solar Safety: Intense photo voltaic radiation necessitates diligent solar safety. Making use of and incessantly reapplying broad-spectrum sunscreen, carrying protecting clothes, and looking for shade throughout peak solar hours mitigate the chance of sunburn and long-term pores and skin injury.

Tip 4: Monitor Climate Forecasts: Climate circumstances, significantly rainfall, can change quickly. Checking native forecasts usually permits for changes to deliberate actions and ensures preparedness for potential shifts in circumstances. This responsiveness maximizes alternatives for outside enjoyment whereas mitigating weather-related disruptions.

Tip 5: Contemplate North Shore Rainfall: The north shore experiences considerably larger rainfall than different areas. Packing acceptable gear, equivalent to waterproof luggage and footwear, and factoring potential rain into exercise planning ensures a snug expertise regardless of the upper chance of showers.

Tip 6: Discover Microclimates Strategically: Kauai’s various microclimates provide a spread of experiences. Understanding these variations permits for strategic planning. Seaside days on the south shore, climbing in cooler upland areas, and exploring the plush north shore can all be included into an itinerary by contemplating the particular climate patterns of every area.

Tip 7: Respect Ocean Situations: Whereas August sometimes presents calm seas, circumstances can change. Heeding lifeguard warnings, understanding ocean currents, and exercising warning when partaking in water actions ensures a secure and fulfilling expertise.

Tip 8: Pack Insect Repellent: Mosquitoes and different bugs may be current, significantly in lush areas. Packing insect repellent minimizes discomfort and reduces the chance of insect bites, guaranteeing a extra nice expertise, particularly throughout outside actions.

By heeding the following tips, guests can navigate the nuances of Kauai’s August climate successfully. This preparedness maximizes alternatives to benefit from the island’s various landscapes and have interaction in a spread of actions, creating a satisfying and memorable expertise.

These sensible ideas present a framework for a profitable August journey to Kauai. The concluding part will summarize key takeaways and emphasize the advantages of knowledgeable planning and preparation.

Conclusion

This exploration of Kauai’s August climate reveals a fancy interaction of things influencing the island’s local weather throughout this era. Heat temperatures, moderated by constant commerce winds, create a typically nice setting. Nonetheless, vital variations in rainfall throughout the island, influenced by topography and wind patterns, create distinct microclimates. The north shore experiences significantly larger rainfall than the drier south shore, impacting vegetation and influencing exercise selections. Heat ocean temperatures contribute to the attraction of water actions, whereas the height vacationer season necessitates advance planning and consideration of potential crowds. Understanding these nuances is essential for knowledgeable decision-making and optimizing customer experiences.

Efficient journey planning requires integrating this information of Kauai’s August climate with particular person preferences and deliberate actions. Recognizing the dynamic nature of climate patterns and making ready for potential variations ensures a snug and rewarding expertise. Cautious consideration of those elements permits guests to completely admire Kauai’s various landscapes and have interaction with the island’s pure magnificence, creating lasting recollections regardless of the inherent unpredictability of climate.